Ujjain Ujjain Sodium tripolyphosphate Category="Cities and towns in Madhya Pradesh"Ujjain (also known as Ujain, Ujjayini, Avanti) is an ancient city of central India, in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh, on the eastern bank of the Kshipra River. In ancient times the city was called Ujjayini, and is referred to as Ozene by Ptolemy. It is the administrative center of both the district and division of the same name. Ujjain, known as Avanti in the Buddhist period and as Ozene to the Greeks, is one of the seven sacred cities of the Hindus, and the Kumbh Mela religious festival is held there every twelve years. It is also home to one of the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines to the god Shiva.

History

Ujjain was the traditional capital of King Chandragupta II, also known as Vikramaditya, at whose court the nine poets known as the navaratna (nine jewels) of Sanskrit literature are said to have flourished. It marks the first meridian of longitude in Hindu geography. It is also reputed to have been the residence of Ashoka (who subsequently became the emperor), when he was the viceroy of the western provinces of the Maurya empire. It was invaded by the Delhi Sultanate lead by Iltutmish in 1235 causing widespread destruction and systematic desecration of temples.

Under Mughal emperor Akbar it became the capital of Malwa, and during the last half of the 18th century it was the headquarters of the Maratha leader Sindhia. The Sindhias later established themselves at Gwalior, and Ujjain remained part of Gwalior state until Indian Independence in 1947. Gwalior state bacame a Princely state of the British Raj after the Maratha defeat in the Third Anglo-Maratha War, and Gwalior, Ujjain, and the neighboring princely states were made a part of the Central India Agency. After Indian independence, the Sindhia ruler of Gwalior acceded to India, and Ujjain became part of the Madhya Bharat state. In 1956, Madhya Bharat was merged into Madhya Pradesh state.

Climate

Ujjain experiences typical climate conditions of the interior Indian subcontinent. The Summer months (April – June) are harsh with temperatures reaching up to 45 °C. In addition, hot winds (called loo) may blow in the afternoons, worsening the heat. The winter months (Nov – Feb) are pleasant and cool with daytime temperatures typically 20°C, though it may drop to 3°C in the night. The monsoon typically arrives in late June and the months of June till September receive moderate to heavy rainfall. There are periods of rainfall followed by long periods of bright sunshine and high humidity. The month of October generally is very warm and with high humidity.

Geography

Ujjain is situated on the Malwa Plateau in Central India. The soil is black and stony. The vegetation is the typical of arid regions with thorny trees like babul and Acacia dominating the landscape. Soybean, wheat, jowar and bajra are the main crops grown.

Transportation

Ujjain is well-connected by rail and road. It is on the Western Railway and is connected by direct train to most major Indian cities (Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, etc). The nearest airport is Indore, which has daily flights to Delhi, Mumbai and Bhopal. The road network is developed with other parts of Madhya Pradesh, but the state of roads is bad. Private buses ply on these roads, though it is best to take your own vehicle for short distances.

An extensive network of old but inexpensive three-wheelers called tempoes serves the majority of the population. Three-wheeler auto-rickshaws are also quite popular. Recent years have seen an explosion of privately-owned vehicles, especially two-wheelers unsuited for the traffic, that congest the narrow thoroughfares.

Places to Visit

Ujjain is a holy city for Hindus and has many places to visit for the religiously inclined. The Mahakal Temple, one of the twelve Jyotirlings, is the most famous and venerated Shiva temple. Other temples include Harsidhhi (Durga Temple), Chintaman Ganesh, Gadh Kalika, Kaal Bhairav and Magalnaath. Ujjain, being an ancient city, is home to many monuments that have survived from the ancient period. The most stunning example is the Kalideh Palace on the outskirts of the city, which is a fine piece of ancient Indian architecture, though in poor upkeep. The Bhartuhari Gufa is an ancient cave which has some interesting legends associated with it. The observatory built by a Rajput king is one of the four such observatories in India and features ancient astronomical devices.

The Simhasta Mela (sometimes called the Kumbh Mela) held every twelve years is the most important religious event in Ujjain. Millions of people congregate every twelve years to swim in the holy Shipra river. The Kartik Mela is a fair organized every year in the Hindu month of Kartik (around December) and is very popular with the local populace.

Economy

The economy of Ujjain is mainly dependent on the agricultural activities of the nearby villages. Two main crops are grown each year: soybean as the major Rabi crop, wheat as the major Kharif crop. Ujjain agriculture is sensitive to changes in rainfall and failure of monsoon cycles can play a devastating toll on agriculture and the local economy.

Ujjain was previously a centre of the textile industry with a number of textile mills in and around the city. These mills have since closed, unemploying hundreds. Religious tourism is also a contributor to the economy, especially during the Simhasta Mela.

St. Mary's Catholic Church is visited by many during the Christmas period.

Ujjain District

Ujjain District has an area of 6,091 km²:, and a population of 1,709,885 (2001 census), a 24% increase from its 1991 population of 1,386,465. The district is bounded by the districts of Shajapur on the northeast and east, Dewas to the southeast, Indore to the south, Dhar to the southwest, and Ratlam to the west and northwest.

Ujjain Division

The Ujjain Division of Madhya Pradesh state includes the districts of Dewas, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Shajapur, and Ujjain.

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