SPQR is an initialism for the Latin phrase Senatus Populusque Romanus. The translation is "The Roman Senate and People." An alternate Latin phrase translation is Senatus Populusque Romae. The translation is "The Senate and People of Rome."
It was emblazoned on the standards of the Roman legions and was the official name of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. It also appears in the Coat of arms of the present-day city of Rome, and appears on most civic buildings as well as many manhole covers in the city. These manhole covers were placed in Rome on order of Mussolini, who apart from this use, started using SPQR on many other occasions as a way to make propaganda for his regime.
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Several versions are suggested about the correct meaning of the initialism, depending on the presumed declination of "R"; Romanus ("Roman People") and Romę ("People of Rome") are the most common. Senatus Populusque Romanus is the version given on Trajan's Column.