Romania

For other uses, see Romania (disambiguation).

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România

(Flag) (Coat of Arms)
Motto: none former Royal motto: "Nihil Sine Deo" (Nothing without God)
Anthem: Deşteaptă-te, române!
Capital	Bucharest <span class="plainlinksneverexpand" > 238,391) 44°25′ N 26°06′ E
Largest city	Bucharest
Official languages	Romanian
Government President Prime Minister	Democratic Republic Traian Băsescu Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu
Independence - Declared - Recognised	Romanian War of Independence 10 May, 1877 13 July, 1878 (Treaty of Berlin)
Area  • Total  • Water (%)	238,391 km˛ ( 78th) 3%
Population  • 2004 est.  • 2002 census  • Density	GDP (PPP) • Total • Per capita	2005 estimate213.892 billion USD ( 42th)10,028 USD ( 63rd)
Currency	Leu ( RON)
Time zone • Summer (DST)	EET (UTC +2)EEST (UTC +3)
Internet TLD	.ro
Calling code	+ 40

Romania (formerly also spelled Rumania or Roumania; Romanian: România) is a country in Europe. It is bordered by Ukraine and Moldova in the northeast; Hungary in the west; Serbia and Bulgaria to the south along the Danube River. Romania has a stretch of sea coast on the Black Sea and the eastern and southern Carpathian Mountains run through its centre. Romania has been a member of NATO since 2004, and is also an acceding country to the European Union. The EU Accession Treaty was signed in early 2005, and Romania is due to join the Union on January 1, 2007.

Name

The name of Romania (România) comes from Român (Romanian) which is a derivative of the word Romanus ("Roman") from Latin.

The oldest surviving document written in the Romanian language is a 1521 letter which notifies the mayor of Braşov about the imminent attack of the Ottoman Turks. This document is also notable for having the first occurrence of "Rumanian", Wallachia being here named The Rumanian Land - Ţeara Rumânească (Ţeara < Latin Terra = land). In the following centuries, Romanian documents use both forms: Român and Rumân, with the latter being the more common form. It was only in the 19th century, with the rise of Nationalism that the form Român was adopted as an official spelling, being chosen over Rumân in order to emphasise the linguistic connection to Ancient Rome.

Romanians take pride in being the most eastern Romance people, completely surrounded by non-Latin peoples ("an island of Latinity").

History

In 513 BC, south of the Danube, the tribal confederation of the Getae were defeated by Darius during his campaign against the Scythians (Herodotus IV.93). Over half a millennium later, the Getae (also named Daci by Romans) were defeated by the Roman Empire under Emperor Trajan in two campaigns stretching from 101 to 106, and the core of their kingdom was turned into the Roman province of Dacia. The Gothic and Carpic campaigns in the Balkans during 238–256 forced the Roman Empire to reorganize a new Roman province of Dacia south of Danube, inside former Moesia Superior.

In 271 the ancient Dacia became the Kingdom of the Goths until the end of the fourth century, when it was included in the Hunnic Empire. The Gepids and the Avars ruled Transylvania until the 8th century, after which the Bulgars included Romania in their Empire until 1000. The Pechenegs, the Cumans and Uzes were also mentioned by historic chronicles on the territory of Romania until the founding of the Vlachian principalities of Wallachia by Basarab I, and Moldavia by Dragoş during the 13th and 14th centuries respectively. In the Middle Ages, Romanians lived in three distinct principalities: Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania.

Wallachia and Moldavia came under the Suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire during the 15th and 16th centuries respectively, with internal autonomy under the millet system, and brief periods of independence. Moldova lost its eastern side Bessarabia to the Russian Empire in 1812 (though partially regained it with the Treaty of Paris in 1856), its northern part Bukovina to the Austrian Empire in 1775 and its south-eastern part Bugeac to the Ottoman Empire.

Transylvania came under control of the Kingdom of Hungary by the 11th century (since 1301 Hungary and Transylvania became possessions of the Houses of Anjou and Habsburg). One of its great rulers -- Matthias Corvinus, ruled between 1458 and 1490 -- is claimed by both Romanians and Hungarians. Later, in 1526, it became a multi-ethnic principality under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire following the Battle of Mohács. At the end of the 18th century, the Austrian Habsburgs incorporated Transylvania into the Austrian Empire. During the time of Austria-Hungary (1867-1918), Romanians in Transylvania experienced heavy oppression in the form of the Magyarization policies of the Hungarian government.

The modern state of Romania was formed by the merging of the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1859 under the Moldavian Domnitor Alexander John Cuza. He was replaced by Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen in 1866. During the Russo-Turkish War, Romania fought on the Russian side; in the Treaty of Berlin in 1878 Romania was recognized as an independent state by the Great Powers. In return for ceding to Russia the two southern districts of Bessarabia which had been regained by Moldavia after the Crimean War in 1852, the Kingdom of Romania acquired Dobruja. In 1881 the Principality was raised to a Kingdom and Prince Carol I became King Carol I

In spite of its previous alliance with Imperial Germany and Austria-Hungary, Romania entered World War I on the side of the Triple Entente in a move aimed at acquiring Transylvania. By war's end Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire had collapsed, allowing Bessarabia and Transylvania to unite with the Kingdom of Romania in 1918. Union of Transylvania with Romania was ratified in the Treaty of Trianon in 1920.

In 1940 during World War II, Northern Bukovina and Bessarabia, Northern Transylvania, and southern Dobrudja were occupied by the Soviet Union, Hungary and Bulgaria respectively (see Romania during World War II). The dictatorial King Carol II abdicated and Romania entered the war joining Nazi Germany, Hungary and Bulgaria. Because Romania participated in the invasion of the Soviet Union, the country recovered Bessarabia and northern Bukovina under the leadership of general Ion Antonescu. During the Second World War, the Antonescu regime, allied with Nazi Germany, played an active role in the Holocaust, following its policy of oppression and massacre of the Jews, and, to a lesser extent, Roma. According to a report released by the Romanian government in 2004, Romania killed at least 280,000 to 380,000 Jews, primarily in Moldavia (historical region) and in the Eastern territories Romania occupied, though some estimates are even higher.

In August 1944 the Antonescu regime was toppled, and Romania joined the Red Army against Nazi Germany, but its role in the defeat of Germany was not recognized by the Paris Peace Conference of 1946.

Controlling Romania through the Red Army stationed in the country, communists orchestrated the biggest election fraud of 1946, climbing to power after Western democracies left Romania in the hands of the Soviet Union. In 1947, King Michael I was forced by the communists to abdicate and leave the country. Romania was proclaimed a Communist state, under direct military and economic control of the USSR until 1958. During this period, Romania's scarce resources left after WWII were drained by the "SovRom" agreements: mixed Soviet-Romanian companies established in the aftermath of World War II to mask the looting of Romania by the Soviet Union, in addition to excessive war reparations paid to the USSR. During this dark period, hundreds of thousands of people were imprisoned for political reasons, there were thousands of abuses, deaths and incidents of torture against political opponents, bringing gloom over Romania.

A short-lived period of relative economic well-being and openness followed in late 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s, still regarded by some as a "golden era". This period gradually ended, first politically, and then economically. Some party leaders (such as Ion Iliescu, Corneliu Manescu, or Gheorghe Apostol) who questioned the achievements of the regime during the latter portion of this era, were sent to lower positions, which, in 1989, justified their "dissident" position. From an economic point of view, Romania's foreign debt sharply increased between 1977 and 1981 (from 3 to 10 billion US dollars). Thus, the influence of international financial organisms such as the IMF or the World Bank grew, conflicting with Ceauşescu's autarchic policies. Ceauşescu eventually initiated a project of total reimbursement of the foreign debt (completed in 1989, shortly before his overthrow). To achieve this goal, he imposed policies that impoverished Romanians and exhausted the Romanian economy. He transformed Romania into a police state (see Securitate) and imposed a cult of personality.

One positive achievement of the Communist period was the spread of near-universal Literacy and the development of a very efficient education system. However, this educational transformation was not coupled with appropriate industrial development and urbanization policies, so that almost half of Romania's population is still rural (47.3%; see Demography of Romania), and mostly poor. Another achievement is the negotiated retreat of Soviet troops from Romania, in 1958. This allowed the country to pursue independent policies, including the condemnation by the Communist Party of Romania of the Soviet-led 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia (Romania was the only country of the Warsaw pact not to take part into the invasion), the continuation of Romanian-Israeli diplomatic relations after the Six-Day War of 1967 (Romania was the only country in the Warsaw pact to do so), the establishment of economic (1963) and diplomatic (1967) relations with the Federal Republic of Germany, and so forth. Close ties between Romania and both Israel and the Arab countries (and the PLO) allowed Romania to play an essential role in the Israel-Egypt and Israel-PLO peace processes.

The Communist dictatorship ended 22 December 1989 (see Romanian Revolution of 1989). During the 1989 revolution (the term "revolution" is contested by many), power was taken by an ad hoc group called the National Salvation Front (FSN), which grouped a number of dissidents with other personalities and (then-unknown) persons that participated in the uprising. The FSN assumed the missions of restoring civil order, taking immediate democratic measures, and organizing elections for a new legislative body. Given the slow pace of reconstruction of the social and democratic system after 45 years of Communism (as emphasized by events such as the Ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureş in March 1990), the largest part of the FSN also constituted itself as a political party that participated in (and won by a large majority) the elections of summer 1990. The move was highly contested by the other emerging political parties, because the FSN controlled most media and therefore the election process was biased. The subsequent disintegration of the FSN, which did not have a clear political platform, produced several political parties including the Democratic Party (PD), which for a time retained the FSN name), the Social Democratic Party (PSD, formerly known as the Romanian Party for Social Democracy (PDSR) or the Democratic National Salvation Front-FDSN), and the Alliance for Romania (APR). Throughout several elections, coalitions, and governments, parties that emerged from the FSN governed or participated in the government of Romania from 1990 to 1996, and then from 2000 until today.

In 1996, the CDR entered power on a "Contract with Romania" platform which would have required the CDR to resign en masse after 200 days from a mixed coalition government. Some members had signed on to the contract programme, while others had not; once in power, the "Contract" was repudiated. The major CDR parties were electorally eviscerated in 2000, and the Social Democrats returned to power, with Ion Iliescu once again president of Romania and Adrian Năstase, the president of the Social-Democratic Party (PSD), as prime minister.

On December 12, 2004, Traian Băsescu was elected president of Romania. He was supported during elections by a coalition, called Justice and Truth Alliance (DA), formed of his Democratic Party and of the National-Liberal Party. The government was formed by a larger coalition which also included the Romanian Humanist Party (now called Conservative Party) and the ethnic Hungarian party UDMR.

Following the end of the Cold War in 1989, Romania developed closer ties with Western Europe, joined NATO in 2004 and became an acceding country to the European Union, being at an advanced stage to join on January 1, 2007. The Treaty of Accession of Romania has been signed by EU member states' representatives in Luxembourg, Abbaye de Neumünster, on April 25 2005. Ratification of the Romanian and Bulgarian Accession Treaty is ongoing in the parliaments of all member states.

Romanian heads of state (from the Unification of 1859)

Alexandru Ioan Cuza	Prince of Romania	1859, Jan 24 - 1866, Feb 11
Princely Lieutenancy		1866, Feb 11 - 1866, May 10
Carol I	Prince of Romania	1866, May 10 - 1881, May 10

Kingdom of Romania

Carol I	King of Romania	1881, May 10 - 1914, Sep 27
Ferdinand I	King of Romania	1914, Sep 28 - 1927, Jul 20
Mihai I	King of Romania (minor, Regency Council)	1927, Jul 20 - 1930, Jun 8
Carol II	King of Romania	1930, Jun 8 - 1940, Sep 6
Mihai I	King of Romania	1940, Sep 6 - 1947, Dec 30

People's Republic of Romania

Dr. Constantin I. Parhon	President of the Provisional Presidium	1947, Dec 30 - 1948, Apr 13
	President of the Presidium of the Grand National Assembly	1948, Apr 13 - 1952, Jun 12
Dr. Petru Groza	President of the Presidium of the Grand National Assembly	1952, Jun 12 - 1958, Jan 7
Ion Gheorghe Maurer	President of the Presidium of the Grand National Assembly	1958, Jan 11 - 1961, Mar 21
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej	President of the State Council	1961, Mar 21 - 1965, Mar 19
Chivu Stoica	President of the State Council	1965, Mar 24 - 1967, Dec 9

Socialist Republic of Romania (from 1965, Aug 21)

Chivu Stoica	President of the State Council	1965, Mar 24 - 1967, Dec 9
Nicolae Ceauşescu	President of the State Council	1967, Dec 9 - 1974, Mar 28
	President	1974, Mar 28 - 1989, Dec 22

Republic of Romania

Ion Iliescu	President of the National Salvation Front Council	1989, Dec 22 - 1990, Feb 6
	President of the Provisional National Unity Council	1990, Feb 6 - 1992, May 20
	President	1992, May 20 - 1996, Nov 17
Emil Constantinescu	President	1996, Nov 17 - 2000, Dec
Ion Iliescu	President	2000, Dec 20 - 2004, Dec 20
Traian Băsescu	President	2004, Dec 21 -

See also: Kings of Romania, Bessarabia, Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania

Politics

Romania is a democratic Republic. The legislative branch of the Romanian government consists of two chambers, the Senat (Senate), which has 137 members (as of 2005), and the Camera Deputaţilor (Chamber of Deputies), which has 332 members (as of 2004). The members of both chambers are elected every four years.

The President, the head of the executive branch, is also elected by popular vote, every five years (until 2005, four years). The president appoints a prime minister, who heads the government, the members of which are in turn appointed by the prime minister. The government is subject to a parliamentary vote of approval.

Administrative divisions

Romania is divided into 41 judeţe, or counties, and the municipality of Bucharest (Bucureşti) - the capital. See also Administrative divisions of Romania.

The counties are (in alphabetical order):

Alba Arad Argeş Bacău Bihor Bistriţa-Năsăud Botoşani Braşov Brăila Buzău Caraş-Severin Călăraşi Cluj Constanţa Covasna Dâmboviţa Dolj Galaţi Giurgiu Gorj Harghita

Hunedoara Ialomiţa Iaşi Ilfov Maramureş Mehedinţi Mureş Neamţ Olt Prahova Satu Mare Sălaj Sibiu Suceava Teleorman Timiş Tulcea Vaslui Vâlcea Vrancea

Geography

A large part of Romania's borders with Serbia and Bulgaria is formed by the Danube. The Danube is joined by the Prut River, which forms the border with Moldova. The Danube flows into the Black Sea forming the Danube Delta which is a reservation of the Biosphere.

Because many of Romania's borders are defined by natural, sometimes shifting rivers, and because the Danube Delta is constantly expanding towards the sea, about 2-5 linear metres yearly, Romania's surface area has changed over the past few decades, generally increasing. The number has increased from about 237,500 km˛ in 1969 to 238,391 km˛ in 2005.

Romania has a fairly distributed landscape, having 34% mountains, 33% hills and 33% lowlands.

The Carpathian Mountains dominate the centre of Romania surrounding the Transylvanian Plateau, 14 peaks reaching above the altitude of 2,000 m, the highest being Moldoveanu Peak at 2,544 m. In the south, the Carpathians sweeten into hills, towards the Bărăgan Plains.

The three highest mountains in Romania are:

	Name	Height	Range
1	Moldoveanu Peak	2,544 m	Carpathian Mountains
2	Negoiu	2,535 m	Carpathian Mountains
3	Parangul Mare	2,518 m	Carpathian Mountains

Major cities are the capital Bucharest, Iaşi, Timişoara, Cluj-Napoca, Constanţa, Craiova, Braşov, and Galaţi.

See also:

• List of Romanian Cities
• Rivers of Romania
• Lakes of Romania

Largest cities

Source: National Institute of Statistics, 2002 Census

Unofficially, sociologists say that in its 228 km˛, Bucharest has more than 3.5 million people, coming from every corner of the country.

Economy

The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please view the article's talk page.

Main article: Economy of Romania

After Romania's Communist regime was overthrown in late 1989, the country experienced a decade of economic instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base as well as a lack of structural reform. Starting from 2000, however, the economy was transformed into one of relative macreconomic stability, high growth, low unemployment and increasing foreign investment, and is currently among the most developed in Southeastern Europe. Economic growth since 2000 has averaged 4-5%, rising to 8.3% in 2004. This has characterised Romania as a boom economy and one of the fastest growing in Europe. Romania was granted in October 2004 the much desired 'functional Market economy' status by EU officials, and is expected to join the EU in January 2007. Romania's per-capita GDP, calculated by Purchasing power parity is estimated to be $8,258 in 2005. The national budget is EUR € 28.9 billion euro, which represents 31.2% of GDP, estimated to be RON 322.5 billion (€90,8 billions) according to the Prime-Minister Tăriceanu.

Strong aspects of Romania are the technologically advanced market economy with substantial government participation. Having its own natural resources, Romania has intensively developed its agricultural and industrial sectors over the past 20 years. Romania is largely self-sufficient in food production. High-technology, car-manufacturing, military equipment, software, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables, and flowers) are leading exports. Romania possesses extensive facilities for oil refining and semiconductor fabrication.

Inflation in 2004 was registered at 9.2%, and is expected to fall to 7.5% in 2005 and 5.0% in 2006. Unemployment in Romania is at 5.5% (July 2005), which is very low compared to other large European countries such as Poland, France, or Germany.

Since the late 1990s, there have been several economic reforms, spurred on by the country's bid to join the EU, including the liquidation of large energy-intensive industries and major reforms in the agricultural and financial sectors. As of 2005, a significant amount of Romania's major companies have been privatised, including the majority of banks, the largest oil companies Petrom and Rompetrol, energy distributors and telecommunications companies. The country continues to privatise remaining state enterprises, including Romanian Post and the Romanian Commercial Bank. In comparison to its neighbours, Romania has a high number of small to medium sized enterprises (SMEes). Foreign investment has increased significantly since 2003, reaching € 5.1 billion in 2004.

Romania's economy grew 5.9% in the first quarter 2005 compared with the same period last year, according to the National Statistics Office. The service sector was the country's main economic growth engine showing a 6.8% rise from the same period last year, while industry grew by 5% and agriculture by 1.8%. Currently GDP growth is forecast at 5.5% per annum. Romania's economy is characterized by a huge potential of tourism.

Trade

Main indicators of the exports and imports of Romania's economy:

# \	\	2004 \	2005 \	2006 \	2007 \	2008
1.	Exports	20 Bn€	23 Bn€	26 Bn€ (est.)	29 Bn€ (est.)	33 Bn€(est.)
2.	Imports	28 Bn€	31 Bn€	36 Bn€ (est.)	39 Bn€ (est.)	44 Bn€(est.)
3.	Average gross wage (RON)/€	950RON/ 275 €	1000RON/285 €	1100RON/ 315€	1200RON/ 355€	1350 RON/ 385€ (est.)

Taxation

Debt

During the latter part of the Ceauşescu period, Romania earned significant credits from several Arab countries, notably Iraq, for work related to the oil industry. In August 2005, Romania forgave US$2 billion of the US$2.5 billion debt owed it by an Iraq still largely occupied by the military forces of the U.S.-led "Coalition of the willing", making Romania the first country outside of the Paris Club of wealthy creditor nations to forgive Iraqi debts. Romania has the largest international reserves in the region, estimated at EUR € 19 billion, covering more than 7 months of imports.

Wages

Currency

Romania's legal tender is the leu (plural lei). On 1 July 2005, the leu was subjected to redenomination so that 10,000 old lei, in circulation on that date, was exchanged for 1 new leu. The existing banknotes and coins, i.e. the old lei, will be legal tender until the end of December 2006. The official exchange rate for 10 August 2005 for 1€=3.39 lei (National Bank of Romania). By 31 December 2006, the existing banknotes and coins, i.e. the old lei, are to be replaced gradually by the new banknotes and coins. The process will prepare Romania for the adoption of the euro, which is expected to take place several years after EU accession. The Romanian government has said that it expects the country will adopt the euro between 2011 and 2012.

Main indicators of the ROMANIA's economy:

Romania's GDP over 2005-2007 will go up by 10 billion euros per year, and will stand in 2007 at 96.138 billion euros.

# \	\	2003 \	2004 \	2005 \	2006
1.	GDP	70 Bn€	77Bn€	86Bn€	90Bn€ (est.)
2.	GDP ( %real change pa)	+5.3%	+8.3%	+7%	+7% (est.)
3.	GDP per capita (€)	2350 €	2600 €	3100€	4000€ (est.)
4.	GDP per capita (€ at PPP)	7700 €	8000 €	8500€	9000€ (est.)
5.	Inflation	14%	9.2%	7%	5% (est.)
6.	Minimum wage	285 RON=82€	310 RON=89€	330RON=95€	360RON=105€ (est.)
7.	Medium gross wage	765 RON=220€	870 RON=250€	995RON=285€	1145RON=335€ (est.)
8.	Unemployment	6.4%	6.3%	5.6%	5% (est.)
9.	FDI	3.9bn€	5.1bn€	6bn€	7.7bn€ (est.)
10.	Foreign-exchange reserves (bn€)	14bn€	16bn€	20bn€	30bn€ (est.)
11.	Mobile phone users	9,000,000	10,000,000	11,860,000	14,000,000 (est.)
12.	Cars production (units)	160,000	240,000	320,000	500,000(est.)
13.	Internet users	5,180,000	7,800,000	10,400,000	13,600,000(est.)

National Budget

National budget of Romania:

# \	\	2005 \	2006 \	2007 \	2008 \	2009
1.	National Budget	25 Bn€	30 Bn€	36 Bn€ (est.)	45 Bn€ (est.)	59 Bn€(est.)
2.	Percentage of GDP%	29%	31 %	32%(est.)	33%(est.)	34 %(est.)

National Holidays

Minor, but widely observed, holidays include Mărţişor (March 1), marking the start of spring, and International Women's Day (March 8). Many businesses give women employees the day off for International Women's Day. Some holidays celebrated in the United States or in other parts of Europe have recently been gaining some currency in Romania, for example Valentine's Day (February 14).

Sport in Romania

The gymnast Nadia Comaneci was the first gymnast to score a perfect ten in Olympic competition (1976 Montreal Olympic Games). She also won three gold medals, one silver and one bronze - all at the age of fourteen. Her success continued in the 1980 Moscow Olympics when she was awarded two gold medals and two silver medals.

Ilie Nastase, the tennis player, is another internationally known Romanian sports star. He won several Grand Slam titles, dozens of other tournaments and also was a successful doubles player. Romania has also reached the Davis Cup finals three times.

Soccer is popular in Romania with international footballers such as Gheorghe Hagi who played for Steaua Bucuresti (Romania), Real Madrid, Barcelona (Spain) and Galatasaray (Turkey) among others. The Romanian soccer club Steaua Bucureşti was the first Eastern European club to ever win the prestigious European Champions Cup title (1986).

Demographics

Ethnicity

• Romanian 89.5%
• Hungarian 6.5%
• Roma 2.5%
• Ukrainian 0.3%
• German 0.3%
• Russian 0.2%
• Turkish and Tatar 0.2%
• Other 0.4%

An October 2005 report estimates that 1,061,400 Romanians are living in Italy, constituting 37.2% of 2.8 million immigrants in that country.

Other ethnic groups include natives of Romania's neighbouring countries and some smaller groups like the Polish minority (numbering a few thousand people) living in Suceava County.

Ethnic minorities can use their native language in education. Ethnic minorities are offered native language access to public administration in towns and villages where they make up for more that 20% of the population. In towns and villages where they make up for more than 30% of the population, local council meetings can be held in the minority language, provided that translation into Romanian is provided, and that official minutes are kept in Romanian (cf. the Public Administration Law, link below).

Some people say that the Roma population is undercounted in national censuses (by this account, some Roma choose to declare themselves as Romanians or Hungarians). The Roma people are commonly known in Romania as ţigani (tzigany). Most of them live a nomadic life.

Language

A sizeable Hungarian minority in Transylvania speaks Hungarian as well as Romanian; until the 1990s, there were also a substantial number of German-speaking Transylvanian Saxons, but most of them have left the country since the fall of communism and the accompanying opening of borders.

The Romanian educational system puts a strong emphasis on foreign languages, and Radio România has a channel on which they broadcast in a number of foreign languages. More than a quarter of Romanians understand and speak French and Romania is a member of the Organisation de la Francophonie, with Bucharest being the host of the Summit of Francophony in 2006.

In terms of foreign languages, 5 million Romanians speak English, 4-5 million speak French, 1.5 million speak German, 2 million speak Italian, and 1 million speak Spanish.

Historically, French was the leading foreign language for Romanians to study, now it is English, so that as a group the English-speakers in Romania are younger than the French-speakers.

Religion

• Romanian Orthodox - 86.8%
• Roman Catholic - 4.5%
• Protestant - 3.7%
• Pentecostal - 1.5%
• Greek-Catholic Uniate - 0.9%

Most Romanians are members of the Romanian Orthodox Church, which is one of the churches of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Catholicism (both Roman Catholic and Greek Catholic) and Protestantism are also represented, mostly in the areas inhabited by population closer to western influence.

In Dobrogea, the region lying on the shore of the Black Sea, there is a small Muslim minority (of Turkish and Tatar ethnicity), a remnant of the Ottoman rule and migrations from Crimea, respectively.

Culture

There are many TV stations in Romania like: TVR, PRO-TV, PRIMA-TV, Antena1, REALITATEA TV.

[image]

See also:

• Art of Romania
• Christmas customs in Romania
• List of Romanians
• Literature of Romania
• Music of Romania
• Romanian-American
• Romanian poets
• Tourism in Romania

Miscellaneous topics

• Communications in Romania
• Government of Romania
• Foreign relations of Romania
• Health Care in Romania
• History of Romania
• Holidays in Romania
• List of national parks of Romania
• List of Romania-related topics
• Military of Romania
• Romanian cuisine
• Transportation in Romania
• List of Romanian newspapers
• List of universities in Romania
• Education in Romania
• Theaters in Romania

Gallery

International rankings

• A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine: Globalization Index 2005, ranked 35 out of 62 countries
• Bertelsmann: Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2006, ranked 19th out of 119 countries
• IMD International: World Competitiveness Yearbook 2005, ranked 55 out of 60 economies (countries and regions)
• Reporters Without Borders: Annual worldwide press freedom index (2005), ranked 70 out of 167 countries
• The Wall Street Journal: 2005 Index of Economic Freedom, ranked 125 out of 155 countries
• The Economist: The World in 2005 - Worldwide quality-of-life index, 2005, ranked 58 out of 111 countries
• Transparency International: Corruption Perceptions Index 2005, ranked 85 out of 158 countries (tied with Mongolia and Dominican Republic)
• United Nations Development Programme: Human Development Index 2005, ranked 64 out of 177 countries
• World Economic Forum: Global Competitiveness Report 2005-2006 - Growth Competitiveness Index Ranking, ranked 67 out of 117 countries
• World Bank: Doing Business 2006, ranked 78th out of 155
• World Bank: Ease of Starting a Business 2006, ranked 8th out of 155
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: Foreign Direct Investment Performance Index 2004, ranked 35th out of 140

External links

Official links

• Official site of the Romanian government
• Presidency of Romania
• The Romanian Senate
• Camera Deputaţilor (lower house of Parliament)
• Tourism Ministry
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• The Romanian Senate
• 2002 Census Data (Romanian only)
• Legea Administratiei Publice Locale (Public Administration Law)
• Telephone Directory
• Telephone Directory (romanian)
• Golden Pages

Travel guides

• Lonely Planet Guide - Romania
• The Spirit of Romania - travel journals, photography, stories
• Romania travel guide at Wikitravel
• - Sibiu/Hermanstadt, European Cultural Capital in 2007
• - Enjoy Romania - Your Gateway to Romania

Currency

• Exchange Rates - from the National Bank of Romania
• Information about redenomination

Articles

• Tom Gallagher, "Europe's very own Puerto Rico", New Statesman, 6 September 2004.
• Alexandru Alexe, "Investors move east to booming Romania", Associated Press story, 10 August 2005.

[image]	International ties of Romania	[image]
Geographical and geopolitical: Continent of Europe | European Union
International organizations: United Nations | UN Security Council (Term ends December 31, 2005) | NATO | World Trade Organization | OSCE

[image]	European Union and candidates for enlargement	[image]
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Acceding countries joining on January 1, 2007: Bulgaria | Romania / Other recognised candidate countries: Croatia | Turkey

Countries in Europe
Albania | Andorra | Armenia2) | Austria | Azerbaijan1) | Belarus | Belgium | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Bulgaria | Croatia | Cyprus2) | Czech Republic | Denmark1) | Estonia | Finland | France1) | Georgia1) | Germany | Greece1) | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Latvia | Liechtenstein | Lithuania | Luxembourg | Republic of Macedonia | Malta | Moldova | Monaco | Netherlands | Norway1) | Poland | Portugal1) | Romania | Russia1) | San Marino | Serbia and Montenegro | Slovakia | Slovenia | Spain1) | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey1) | Ukraine | United Kingdom | Vatican City
Other territories: Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2) | Faroe Islands | Gibraltar | Guernsey | Jan Mayen | Jersey | Isle of Man | Svalbard
1) Includes territories not located in Europe. 2) Geographically in Asia , but often considered part of Europe for cultural and historical reasons.

roa-rup:România

fiu-vro:Romaania