Melaka Melaka Leicester Category="Cities in Malaysia"Category="States of Malaysia"

ملاك بندراي برسجاره Melaka Bandaraya Bersejarah

[image] [image]
State Flag Coat of Arms
State motto: Bersatu Teguh
[image]
Capital Melaka Town
Governor Tun Datuk Seri Utama Mohd. Khalil b. Yaakob
Chief Minister YAB Datuk Seri Hj. Mohd Ali b. Mohd Rustam
Area 1,650 km²
Population
- Estimated 648,500
State anthem Melaka Maju Jaya

: This article is about a state in Malaysia. Malacca is also another name for Car Nicobar

Melaka (Jawi: ملاك; formerly spelt as Malacca) is the second smallest state in Malaysia, and is located in the southern part of the Malay Peninsula, on the Straits of Malacca. The state's capital is also called "Melaka".

Although the first Malay sultanate started in Melaka, the state has no Sultan today. Instead, the head of state is the Governor or Yang Di-Pertuan Negeri.

[image]

Geography

Melaka is on the southwest coast of the Malay Peninsula opposite Sumatra, with the states of Negeri Sembilan to the north and Johor to the east. It has a population of 648,000 in 2001.

The population comprises:

Malays: 50%;
Chinese: 40%;
Indians: Constitutes a sizeable minority, inclusive of a small group, known as "Chitty";
Others: Inclusive of a Eurasian minority of semi-Portuguese descent, also known as "Papia Kristang", who speak an ancient Portuguese Creole, called Cristao.

The major towns of Melaka are Melaka Town, Alor Gajah, Masjid Tanah, Jasin, Merlimau, Tampin and Ayer Keroh.

History

: Main article: Sultanate of Malacca

Melaka Sultanate

Melaka was founded by Parameswara, a Srivijayan prince who left Sumatra in 1396 in order to further his enmity with the Majapahit Empire. According to a popular legend, Parameswara was resting under a tree while hunting, when one of his dogs cornered a deer. In self-defence, the Deer forced the dog into a river. Impressed by the courage of the deer, Parameswara decided on the spot to found an empire on the very place that he was sitting. He named it "Melaka" after the tree that he was sheltering under.

Parameswara converted to Islam in 1414 and changed his name to "Sultan Iskandar Shah". What started as a fishing village then grew into the most important port in the region, attracting traders from Java, India, Arab and China, and served as a stopping point for China-India trade during the two Monsoon periods. Mass settlement of Chinese, mostly from the Imperial and Merchant fleet occurred during the reign of Parameswara, occurred in the vicinity of the Bukit China ("Chinese Hill") area, which has among the best Feng Shui (Geomancy) in Melaka then. Sultan Iskandar Shah died in 1424, and was succeeded by his son, Sri Maharaja.

Unfortunately, the prosperity of Melaka attracted the invasion of the Siamese. Attempts in 1446 and 1456, however, were warded off by Tun Perak, the then Chief Minister. The development of relations between Melaka and China was at that time a strategic decision to ward off further Siamese attacks.

Because of its strategic location, Melaka was an important Outpost for Zheng He's spectacular exploration fleet. To enhance relations, Hang Li Poh arrived in Melaka, accompanied by 500 attendants, to marry Sultan Mansur Shah who reigned from 1456 until 1477. Her attendants married the locals and settled mostly in Bukit China.

A cultural result of the vibrant trade was the expansion of the Peranakan people, who spread to other major settlements in the region.

Colonization

Melaka was conquered on August 24, 1511 by the Portuguese Viceroy of India, Alfonso d'Albuquerque and it became a strategic base for Portuguese expansion in the East Indies. Sultan Mahmud Shah, the last Sultan of Melaka took refuge in the hinterland, and made intermittent raids both by land and sea, causing considerable hardship for the Portuguese. Finally in 1526, a large force of Portuguese ships, under the command of Pedro Mascarenhaas, was sent to destroy Bentan, where Sultan Mahmud was based. Sultan Mahmud fled with his family across the Straits to Kampar in Sumatra, where he died two years later.

The Jesuit Missionary Francis Xavier spent several months in Melaka in 1545, 1546 and 1549. In 1641 the Dutch defeated the Portuguese to capture Melaka with the help of the Sultan of Johore. [image]

The Dutch ruled Melaka from 1641 to 1795 but they were not interested in developing it as a trading centre, placing greater importance to Batavia (Jakarta) in Indonesia as their administrative centre.

Melaka was ceded to the British in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 in exchange for Benkoelen on Sumatra. From 1826 to 1946 Melaka was governed, first by the British East India Company and then as a Crown Colony. It formed part of the Straits Settlements, together with Singapore and Penang. After the dissolution of this crown colony, Melaka and Penang became part of the Malayan Union, which later became Malaysia.

State government

Melaka is administered by its State Assembly and Executive Committee (EXCO). The State Assembly represents the highest authority in the state and decides on policy matters. The EXCO is responsible to the State Assembly and comprises members who are appointed every five years by the political party in power. It is headed by the Governor (Yang Di-Pertuan Negeri) who is appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.

The Chief Minister's Department is the administrative pillar of the State Government, and is responsible for the overall administration of the State, as well as its political interest. The administrative complex houses the Chief Minister's office, as well as the office of the State Secretariat. For administrative purposes, Melaka is divided into three districts under separate jurisdiction:

Melaka Tengah District & Land Office
Alor Gajah District & Land Office
Jasin District & Land Office.

These offices render various services and facilities to the people in their daily lives.

Culture and economy

The Tourism and Manufacturing sectors are the two most important sectors in the state economy. Melaka has adopted as its slogan, "Visiting Melaka Means Visiting Malaysia" ("Melawat Melaka Bererti Melawati Malaysia"). It is rich in cultural heritage and bears several places of historical interest.

Melaka is well-known for its food. Most notable of all is the Nyonya-Baba Cuisine which is a mixture of Chinese and Malay cooking with most dishes being spicy in nature. [image] Even to this very day, many of the ancient traditions passed down since the Portuguese occupation are still practised, i.e. "Intrudu" (water festival that marks the beginning of the Catholics Fasting season, the season of Lent), "branyu" (traditional dance), "santa cruz" (a yearly fiesta of street celebrations).

Apart from tourismn, Melaka is also a manufacturing centre for products ranging from food and consumer products, through high-tech weaponry and automotive components to electronic and Computer parts. There are at least 23 industrial estates that houses some 500 factories from the United States, Germany, Japan, Taiwan, and Singapore.

Melaka's private healthcare services are becoming increasingly sought after by patients from as far away as Indonesia and Singapore. Mahkota Medical Centre, Hospital Pantai Ayer Keroh, Hospital Melaka, and Southern Hospital are the four major private hospitals that are providing services on par with those of developed countries. The State government is the majority Shareholder of Southern Hospital.

Popular historical attractions

Fort A' Formosa: Constructed by the Portuguese in 1511, it suffered severe structural damage during the Dutch invasion. The plan by the British to destroy it was aborted as a result of the intervention of Sir Stamford Raffles in 1808.
St. John's Fort: Reconstructed by the Dutch in the third quarter of the 18th century, the canons in this fort point inwards towards the mainland because at that time, the threat to Melaka was mainly from inland rather than the sea.
St. Peter's Church: Constructed in 1710 under the Dutch administration, the church is the oldest Catholic church in Malaysia. This Facade and decorative embellishment is a mix of both eastern and western Architecture. Its Bell was delivered from Goa in 1608.

[image]

St. Paul's Church: Constructed by the Portuguese Captain, Duarte Coelho, this church was named "Our Lady of The Hill", but was later turned into a burial ground by the Dutch for their noble dead, and renamed "St. Paul's Church".
Christ Church: Constructed in 1753, the structure reflects original Dutch architecture. The building houses hand-crafted church benches, jointless ceiling skylights, a Copper Replica of the Bible, a Headstone written in the Armenian language, and a replica of "The Last Supper".
Francis Xavier Church: This Gothic church was built by the French Priest, Father Paderi Fabre, in 1849, to commemorate St. Francis Xavier who is also known as the "Apostle of the East". St. Francis Xavier is credited for his Catholic Missionary work in Southeast Asia during the 16th century.
Stadhuys Building: Constructed in 1650 as the residence of the Dutch Governor and his deputy, the structure reflects Dutch architecture. It is today the "Museum of History and Ethnography". The Museum exhibits traditional wedding clothes and artifacts of Melaka, dating back to its days of glory.
Jonker Street (Jalan Hang Jebat): This street is famous for its antique goods.

In order to attract more tourists to Melaka, the State government has built a number of museums to house its rich cultural heritage.

Transport

Tampin, a town 30 km north of Melaka town, is the nearest train station that serves Melaka. There were railway tracks from Tampin to Melaka before World War II but was dismantled by the Japanese during the war for the construction of the infamous Burmese Death Railway. It was never rebuilt after the war though traces of the line remain.

Melaka has a bus station with regular Bus services to Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru, and other places in Malaysia. It also has an Airport at Batu Berendam which today mainly serves chartered flights from around the region.

The Ayer Keroh exit at the North-South highway the main entry to Melaka. There are two additional exits along the North-South highway, namely the Alor Gajah and Jasin exits.

External links

Official Melaka government website
Malacca's Colonial Past
Portuguese rule in Malacca
Dutch rule in Malacca
Travel guide to Melaka from Wikitravel