Luxembourgism is a specific revolutionary theory within Communism, based on the writings of Rosa Luxemburg. According to M. K. Dziewanowski, the term was originally coined by Bolshevik leaders denouncing the deviations from traditional Leninism of Luxemburg's followers, but it has since been adopted by her followers themselves.
The chief tenets of Luxembourgism are commitment to Democracy and the necessity of the revolution taking place as soon as possible. In this regard, it is similar to Council communism, but differs in that, for example luxemburgists don't reject unions or elections by principle. It resembles Anarchism in its insistence that only relying on the people themselves as opposed to their leaders can avoid an Authoritarian society. That idea, which Stanley Aronowitz calls "generalized democracy in an unarticulated form," represents Luxembourgism's greatest break with mainstream communism, since it effectively diminishes the role of the Communist party itself. According to Aronowitz, the vagueness of Luxembourgian democracy is one reason for its initial difficulty in gaining widespread support. However, since the fall of the Soviet Union, Luxembourgism has been seen by some socialist thinkers as a way to avoid the Totalitarianism of Leninist government. However, there is no active Luxembourgist revolutionary movement; interest in the theory is primarily limited to intellectuals and academics, particularly feminists.
Luxembourgism is rare among Marxist movements in its intent to fight for revolution and democracy at the same time.