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1540
EventsBirths - January 24 - Edmund Campion, English Jesuit and Roman Catholic martyr (died 1581)
- January 28 - Ludolph van Ceulen, German mathematician (died 1610)
- June 3 - Archduke Charles II of Austria, regent of Inner Austria (died 1590)
- June 11 - Barnabe Googe, English poet (died 1594)
- August 26 - King Magnus of Livonia (died 1583)
- October 1 - Johann Jakob Grynaeus, Swiss protestant clergyman (died 1617)
- November 16 - Cecilia of Sweden (died 1627)
- Jose de Acosta, Jesuit missionary and naturalist (died 1600)
- Andrea Andreani, Italian engraver on wood (died 1623)
- William Byrd, English composer (died 1623)
- Christopher Hatton, English politician (died 1591)
- George Hastings, 4th Earl of Huntingdon, English nobleman (died 1604)
- Pierre Jeannin, French statesman (died 1622)
- Lettice Knollys, lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth I of England (died 1634)
- Bernardino de Mendoza, Spanish military commander (died 1604
- Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton (died 1614)
- Zofia Odrowaz, Polish noblewoman (died 1580)
- Juan de Oñate, Spanish explorer (died 1626)
- Leonhard Rauwolf, German physician and botanist (died 1596)
- Joseph Justus Scaliger, French protestant scholar (died 1609)
- Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, Irish rebel (died 1616)
- François Viète, French mathematician (died 1603)
- Amago Yoshihisa, Japanese samurai and warlord (died 1610)
- Gaspar de Zuniga y Azevedo, Spanish colonial administrator and viceroy of Mexico (died 1606)
Deaths - March 30 - Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg, German statesman and archbishop of Salzburg (born 1469)
- May 6 - Juan Luís Vives, Spanish scholar
- May 22 - Francesco Guicciardini, Italian statesman and historian (born 1483)
- July 28 - Thomas Cromwell, English statesman (executed)
- July 30 - Thomas Abel, English priest (martyred)
- July 30 - Robert Barnes, English reformer (martyred) (born 1495)
- August 23 - Guillaume Budé, French scholar
- August 24 - Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola, Italian artist (b. 1503)
- September 2 - Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia (died in battle) (born 1501)
- October 5 - Helius Eobanus Hessus, German Latin poet (born 1488)
- Elizabeth Blount, mistress of Henry VIII of England (born 1502)
- Tristão da Cunha, Portuguese explorer (born 1460)
- Johann Georg Faust, German alchemist (born 1480)
- Federico II of Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua (born 1500)
- Angela Merici, Italian religious leader and saint born in Desenzano del Garda (born 1474)
- Francisco de Ulloa, Spanish explorer
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